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The at command schedules a command being run once in a particular time. This may be any command that you just normally have permission to operate; anything from an effective reminder message, to some complex script. You start by running the at command on the command line, passing it the scheduled time as being the option. It then places you for a special prompt, where you could type inside the command or group of commands to become run with the scheduled time. When youre done, press Control-D with a new line, as well as your command are going to be placed within the queue.
A typical at command sequence seems like this commands you type are shown in the blue box, or even in bold face below:
warning: commands will probably be executed using/bin/sh at echo Well gosh golly, its 9:30 PM on Tuesday. at D job 1 at Tue Nov 16 09:30:00 2014
So lets check out what we see here. When we ran the command, first thing at did was give to us a warning telling us what command shell our commands is going to be run with: in such cases, /bin/sh, the Bourne Shell. This will be the traditional standard Unix shell.
It then places us with the at prompt. Here we type in a fairly easy echo command, which simply echoes a string of text. We press enter, and were placed with a new at prompt. We then press Control-D, telling at were all completed with our commands. It then lets us know that our job is job top rated and that it can run next Tuesday.
Note: The production of your specified command will likely be mailed for your requirements. You can read this mail while using mail program, or possibly a program like pine or perhaps the modern version of pine, called alpine. You can download these programs should you not have them, or have them set up with your package manager; by way of example, on Ubuntu, which uses the APT package management system, you can set them up using the apt-get command, specifically: sudo apt-get install mail or sudo apt-get install alpine.
at relies on a very casual representation of your time and date. It even knows some frequently used times you possibly will not expect it recognizes that teatime is traditionally at 4 PM, for example.
Here are a handful of examples of times you are able to pass to at to schedule a command. For instance, lets assume the present time is 10:00 AM, Tuesday, October 18, 2014. The following expressions would translate towards the following times:
then enter a command with the at prompt, press enter, and type Control-D, you is going to be mailed the final results of your command decade from now.
Note: If you dont specify a time for the command line, anytime return the next error message:
no job is going to be added for the queue. So, always specify your time on the command line.
You may use the program atq to look at your currently-queued at jobs. Simply type atq to produce the queue.
atq will still only list jobs that belong for you unless you are the super user, in which case it is going to list the jobs of most users. So to list all at jobs currently queued for the system, type this command should you have superuser privileges:
type your password, when prompted.
at and batch read commands from standard input or maybe a specified file which are for being executed with a later time, using sh.
at executes commands at the specified time.
atq lists you pending jobs, unless an individual is the superuser ; in this case, everybodys tasks are listed. The format with the output lines one per job is: job number, date, hour, year, queue, and username.
atrm deletes jobs, identified by their job number.
batch executes commands when system load levels permit; put simply, once the load average drops below 1.5, or even the value laid out in the invocation of atd.
At allows fairly complex time specifications, extending the POSIX.2 standard. It accepts times in the form HH:MM to perform a job with a specific time. If that time is definitely past, morning is assumed. You may also specify midnight, noon, or teatime 4pm and you are able to have an occasion-of-day suffixed with AM or PM for running within the morning or evening. You may also say what day the job is going to be run, giving a date in the design month-name day through an optional year, or giving a date on the form MMDDCCYY, MM/DD/CCYY, CCYY or CCYY-MM-DD. The specification of to start dating must follow the specification on the time of day. You could also give times like now count time-units, the location where the time-units may be minutes, hours, days, or weeks and you are able to tell at to perform the job today by suffixing enough time with today and to perform the job tomorrow by suffixing time with tomorrow.
For example, running a job at 4pm 72 hours from now, you should do at 4pm 72 hrs, running a job at 10:00am on July 31, you'll do at 10am Jul 31 and to operate a job at 1am tomorrow, you should do at 1am tomorrow.
The definition on the time specification may be found in /usr/share/doc/at/timespec.
For both at and batch, commands are read from standard input or file specified using the -f option and executed. The working directory, the surroundings except to the variables BASHVERSINFO, DISPLAY, EUID, GROUPS, SHELLOPTS, TERM, UID, and along with the umask are retained from some time of invocation.
As at is implemented to be a setuid program, other environment variables LDLIBRARYPATH or LDPRELOAD can also be not exported. This may change within the future. As a workaround, set these variables explicitly inside your job.
An at - or batch - command invoked from your su shell will retain the existing userid. The user will likely be mailed standard error and standard output from his commands, if any. Mail is going to be sent while using the command /usr/sbin/sendmail. If at is executed coming from a su shell, the owner in the login shell will get the mail.
The superuser may only use these commands. For other users, permission make use of at will depend on the files and. See for details.
prints the version number to standard error and exits successfully.
uses the queue. A queue designation consists of any single letter; valid queue designations range at a to z and A to Z. The a queue would be the default for at along with the b queue for batch. Queues with higher letters run with additional niceness. The special queue is available jobs which might be currently running.
If a position is submitted to your queue designated through an uppercase letter, the work is treated as though it were listed in batch on the time on the job. Once some time is reached, the batch processing rules when it comes to load average apply. If atq emerged a specific queue, it's going to only show jobs pending as queue.
Send mail for the user once the job has completed regardless of whether there was no output.
Never send mail towards the user. In other words, execute the command, along with notify the person of its output.
Reads the work from file in lieu of standard input.
Running at - l could be the same as running atq ; it displays all queued at jobs.
Is exactly like running atrm. It removes work from the at queue.
Shows enough time the job will likely be executed before reading the task. Times displayed will likely be in the format Thu Feb 20 14:50:00 1997.
cat s the jobs listed within the command line to standard output.
Run the commands listed from the file at 1:35 AM. All output in the job is going to be mailed towards the user running the project. When this command may be successfully entered you ought to receive a prompt similar on the example below:
would be the same as simply running the command atq.
Deletes job 1. This will be the same as running the command atrm 1.
Deletes job 23. This could be the same as running the comand at - r 23.
crontab View and edit a summary of jobs to the system running at regular intervals.
scp symbolizes secure copy. If you are familiar with utilizing the cp command on the local machine, scp is simple to understand. Both commands have to have a source as well as a destination filesystem location for your copy operation; the fundamental difference is always that with scp, one or both on the locations are over a remote system. For example, you may use these cp command:
would copy all files inside the directory images in user stacy s home directory whose name starts off with image and ends in into your directory archive in their home directory.
Similarly, you could make use of the scp command:
upload the same files towards the server, utilizing the login name stacy, in the remote directory /home/stacy/archive. scp will just ask for stacy s remote password before initiating the upload.
Or, you might specify an online location because the source location if you would like download files. For example,
download all of the files within the remote directory /home/stacy/archive on whose name depends on image and ends in, into your local directory /home/stacy/downloads.
You may also specify an isolated host as the two source and destination. For instance, the subsequent command will transfer folders from one remote directory through to another directory for the same server:
Keep at heart that all scp transfers develop the benefit of being secure: they may be encrypted, similar to an ssh or sftp session.
File names might have a user and host specification to point out that the file is to get copied to/from that host. Local file names might be made explicit using absolute or relative pathnames to protect yourself from scp treating file names containing : as host specifiers. Copies between two remote hosts will also be permitted.
Forces scp to make use of protocol 2. This is an older protocol.
Copies between two remote hosts are transferred with the local host. Without this option the information is copied directly relating to the two remote hosts. This option also disables the progress meter.
Forces scp to utilize IPv4 addresses only.
Forces scp to work with IPv6 addresses only.
Uses batch mode, operating with no interactive keyboard input. This means that scp cannot authenticate the session by asking the consumer to enter a password; therefore, a non-interactive authentication technique is required. For an illustration of setting up non-interactive authentication, see Setting Up Public Key Authentication in your sftp documentation.
Enable compression. This simply passes the -C flag to ssh to permit compression with the encrypted connection.
Selects the cipher to work with for encrypting the info transfer. This choices are directly passed to ssh.
Specifies an alternative solution per-user configuration apply for ssh. This options directly passed to ssh.
Selects the file where the identity private key for RSA authentication is read. This choices are directly passed to ssh.
Can be utilized to pass options to ssh inside format employed in sshconfig. This is great for specifying alternatives for which there isn't any separate scp command-line flag. Valid choices:
Specifies which address family to make use of when connecting. Valid arguments are any, inet use IPv4 only, or inet6 use IPv6 only.
If set to yes, passphrase/password querying will likely be disabled. In addition, the ServerAliveInterval option will probably be set to 300 seconds automatically. This option is helpful in scripts along with batch jobs where no user exists to supply the password, and where it truly is desirable to detect a broken network swiftly. The argument has to be yes or no. The default isn't.
Use the required address for the local machine since the source address from the connection. Only useful on systems with over one address. Note that this approach does not work if UsePrivilegedPort is determined to yes.
Specifies whether to make use of challenge-response authentication. The argument for this keyword has to be yes or no. The default is yes.
If this flag is defined to yes, ssh will additionally confirm the host IP address inside the knownhosts file. This allows ssh to detect in case a host key changed because of DNS spoofing. If the option is defined to no, the check will never be executed. The default is yes.
Specifies the cipher to make use of for encrypting the session in protocol version 1. Currently, blowfish, 3des, and des are supported. des is merely supported within the ssh client for interoperability with legacy protocol 1 implementations that won't support the 3des cipher. Its use is strongly discouraged because of cryptographic weaknesses. The default is 3des.
Specifies the ciphers allowed for protocol version 2 so as of preference. Multiple ciphers have to be comma-separated. The supported ciphers are 3des-cbc, aes128-cbc, aes192-cbc, aes256-cbc, aes128-ctr, aes192-ctr, aes256-ctr, arcfour128, arcfour256, arcfour, blowfish-cbc, and cast128-cbc. The default is:
aes128-ctr, aes192-ctr, aes256-ctr, arcfour256, arcfour128, aes128-cbc, 3des-cbc, blowfish-cbc, cast128-cbc, aes192-cbc, aes256-cbc, arcfour
Specifies whether to utilize compression. The argument have to be yes or no. The default isn't.
Specifies the compression level to work with if compression is enabled. The argument should be an integer from 1 fastest to 9 slowest, best. The default level is 6, which can be good for most applications. The meaning in the values could be the same as in gzip. Note that this choice applies to protocol version 1 only.
Specifies the volume of tries one per second to create before exiting. The argument should be an integer. This may be valuable in scripts if your connection sometimes fails. The default is 1.
Specifies the timeout in seconds used when connecting for the SSH server, instead of while using default system TCP timeout. This value is needed only if your target is down or really unreachable, not in the event it refuses the text.
Specifies a number of files to work with for the worldwide host key database, separated by whitespace. The default is /etc/ssh/sshknownhosts, /etc/ssh/sshknownhosts2.
Specifies whether user authentication according to GSSAPI is allowed. The default isn't a. Note that this choice applies to protocol version 2 only.
Forward delegate credentials on the server. The default isn't any. Note that this approach applies to protocol version 2 connections using GSSAPI.
Specifies if they should try rhosts based authentication with public key authentication. The argument has to be yes or no. The default isn't any. This option refers to protocol version 2 only and is particularly similar to RhostsRSAAuthentication.
Specifies the protocol version 2 host key algorithms which the client wants to make use of in order preferred by. The default for this method is:
ecdsa-sha2-nistp256, ecdsa-sha2-nistp384, ecdsa-sha2-nistp521, ssh-rsa, ssh-dss
If hostkeys are known with the destination host then an default is modified to prefer their algorithms.
Specifies an alias that you should used instead on the real host name while looking up or saving the host key inside host key database files. This option is ideal for tunneling SSH connections or multiple servers running on the single host.
Specifies the genuine host name to log into. This is usually used to specify nicknames or abbreviations for hosts. If the hostname offers the character sequence %h, then this is going to be replaced while using host name specified for the command line this is ideal for manipulating unqualified names. The default will be the name given within the command line. Numeric IP addresses may also be permitted both for the command line plus in HostName specifications.
Specifies information from which users DSA, ECDSA or DSA authentication identity is read. The default is /identity for protocol version 1, and /iddsa, /idecdsa and /idrsa for protocol version 2. Additionally, any identities represented with the authentication agent are going to be used for authentication. ssh will attempt to load certificate information from your filename obtained by appending to your path of an specified IdentityFile.
The file name may utilize tilde syntax to refer into a users home directory or one of the next escape characters: %d local users home directory, %u local user name, %l local host name, %h remote host name or %r remote user name.
It can be done to have multiple identity files laid out in configuration files; each one of these identities will likely be tried in sequence. Multiple IdentityFile directives will add towards the list of identities tried this behaviour differs from those of other configuration directives.
Specifies that ssh should only utilize the authentication identity files configured inside sshconfig files, whether or not ssh-agent offers more identities. The argument to the present keyword has to be yes or no. This choices are intended for situations where ssh-agent offers a variety of identities. The default is not any.
Gives the verbosity level that can be used when logging messages from ssh. The possible values are: QUIET, FATAL, ERROR, INFO, VERBOSE, DEBUG, DEBUG1, DEBUG2, and DEBUG3. The default is INFO. DEBUG and DEBUG1 are equivalent. DEBUG2 and DEBUG3 each specify higher quantities of verbose output.
Specifies the MAC message authentication code algorithms to be able of preference. The MAC algorithm is found in protocol version 2 for data integrity protection. Multiple algorithms has to be comma-separated. The default is:
hmac-ripemd160, hmac-sha1-96, hmac-md5-96, hmac-sha2-256, hmac-sha2-256-96, hmac-sha2-512, hmac-sha2-512-96
This option is usually used should the home directory is shared across machines. In this case localhost will refer with a different machine on each from the machines and the consumer will get many warnings about changed host keys. However, this method disables host authentication for localhost. The argument to the present keyword should be yes or no. The default is to look into the host key for localhost.
Specifies the quantity of password prompts before stopping. The argument to the keyword have to be an integer. The default is 3.
Specifies whether make use of password authentication. The argument to this particular keyword need to be yes or no. The default is yes.
Specifies the port number to connect about the remote host. The default is 22.
Specifies your order in which the client need protocol 2 authentication methods. This allows a customer to prefer one way keyboard-interactive over permanently password. The default is:
gssapi-with-mic, hostbased, publickey, keyboard-interactive, password
Specifies the protocol versions ssh should support as a way of preference. The possible values are 1 and a couple. Multiple versions should be comma-separated. When this choice is set to 2, 1 ssh will endeavor version 2 and fall returning to version 1 if version 2 just isn't available. The default is 2.
Specifies the command make use of to connect on the server. The command string extends for the end with the line, and it is executed together with the users shell. In the command string, any occurrence of %h will probably be substituted because of the host name in order to connect, %p through the port, and %r from the remote user name. The command could be basically anything, and really should read looking at the standard input and write to its standard output. It should eventually connect an sshd server running on some machine, or execute sshd - i somewhere. Host key management is going to be done with all the HostName with the host being connected defaulting to your name typed by the consumer. Setting the command to none disables this approach entirely. Note that CheckHostIP is just not available for connects which has a proxy command.
This directive is effective in conjunction with nc and its particular proxy support. For example, the next directive would connect by using an HTTP proxy at 192.0.2.0 :
ProxyCommand/usr/bin/nc - X connect - x 192.0.2.0:8080 %h %p
Specifies if you should try public key authentication. The argument for this keyword has to be yes or no. The default is yes. This option pertains to protocol version 2 only.
Specifies if you should try rhosts based authentication with RSA host authentication. The argument has to be yes or no. The default isn't. This option refers to protocol version 1 only as well as ssh for being setuid root.
Specifies getting in touch with try RSA authentication. The argument to the present keyword has to be yes or no. RSA authentication will undoubtedly be attempted in the event the identity file exists, or perhaps authentication agent is running. The default is yes. Note that this program applies to protocol version 1 only.
Sets a timeout interval in seconds and if no data has become received on the server, ssh will start to send a message with the encrypted channel to request a response through the server. The default is 0, indicating why these messages are not sent on the server, or 300 if your BatchMode option is determined. This option is applicable to protocol version 2 only. ProtocolKeepAlives and SetupTimeOut are Debian-specific compatibility aliases for this choice.
Sets the amount of server alive messages see below which can be sent without ssh receiving any messages back from your server. If this threshold is reached while server alive messages are sent, ssh will disconnect from your server, terminating the session. It is important to note the use of server alive messages is quite different from TCPKeepAlive see below. The server alive messages are sent over the encrypted channel and therefore are not spoofable. The TCP keepalive option enabled by TCPKeepAlive is spoofable. The server alive mechanism is valuable once the client or server be determined by knowing every time a connection is now inactive.
The default value is 3. If, as an example, ServerAliveInterval see below is scheduled to 15 and ServerAliveCountMax is left with the default, in the event the server becomes unresponsive, ssh will disconnect after approximately 45 seconds. This option pertains to protocol version 2 only; in protocol version 1 there's no mechanism to request a response through the server to your server alive messages, so disconnection may be the responsibility in the TCP stack.
See your smartcard manufacturers documentation.
If this flag is placed to yes, ssh will not automatically add host keys on the /knownhosts file, and refuses in order to connect to hosts whose host key is different. This provides maximum protection against trojan horse attacks, though it may be annoying if your /etc/ssh/sshknownhosts file is poorly maintained or when connections to new hosts are likely to be made. This option forces anyone to manually add many new hosts. If this flag is scheduled to no, ssh will automatically add new host keys on the user known hosts files. If this flag is scheduled to ask, new host keys will likely be added to your user known host files only after the person has confirmed it is exactly what they really might like to do, and ssh will refuse to get in touch to hosts whose host key has evolved. The host keys of known hosts will likely be verified automatically in all cases. The argument has to be yes, no, or ask. The default is ask.
Specifies if the system should send TCP keepalive messages on the other side. If they're sent, death on the connection or crash of one from the machines will probably be properly noticed. This option only use TCP keepalives in contrast to using ssh level keepalives, so requires a long time to notice if the connection dies. As such, you most likely want the ServerAliveInterval option at the same time. However, which means that connections will die when the route is down temporarily, and several people find it annoying.
The default is yes for you TCP keepalive messages, as well as the client will notice in the event the network goes down or remote host dies. This is important in scripts, and a lot of users are interested too.
To disable TCP keepalive messages, the additional value should be set to no.
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