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script, which can be used to change file those who own all the proper files in the ELDK installation to root. The script accepts precisely the same arguments because
script above. Please note you have to have superuser privileges to own this script. For instance, should you have installed the ELDK within the /opt/eldk directory, you can utilize the following commands:
Please note, that inside the case how the installation directory, the location where the new ELDK distribution is now being installed, is definitely populated to ELDK distributions, the execution from the
script without arguments is likely to make the script assist all installed ELDK target architecture directories. This could take time. To save any time, please makes use of the
argument to specify the correct target architecture. For instance:
The ELDK is distributed while using full sources of all of the components, to rebuild any ELDK package. The sources are provided inside form of SRPM packages, distributed as being a separate ISO image.
To rebuild a target or ELDT package, you have to first install the right source RPM package in the ISO image into your ELDK environment. This is usually done using the next command:
After an ELDK source RPM is installed utilizing the above command, its spec file and sources might be found from the subdirectories in the ELDKroot/usr/src/denx subdirectory.
The sections that follow provide detailed instructions on rebuilding ELDT and target components from the ELDK.
All the marked packages could be rebuilt through the provided source RPM packages. At first you must install the Source RPM itself:
In order for your rebuilding process to be effective correctly, the next conditions have to be true:
The CROSSCOMPILE environment variable have to be set as appropriate for the objective CPU family.
before the /usr/bin directory. This is usually to make sure how the command
results from the fact that this ELDK cross compiler is invoked, instead of the host
In order to the rebuilding process to operate correctly, ensure all on the following applies:
This is usually to make sure which the command
For more details about the
Note 1: Not all packages will likely be installed automatically; for instance the
web servers are mutually exclusive - you should remove one package simply uses manually install one other one.
For more info about the
executes the commands to use initialization file, , in your house directory before it executes any commands, so this may be easily utilized to customize its behaviour using appropriate initialization commands. The following settings are suited to use with U-Boot and Linux:
This example assumes the application of the first serial port of the host system /dev/ttyS0 at the baudrate of 115200 to attach to the targets serial console port.
kermit - c Connecting to/dev/ttyS0, speed 115200. The escape character is Ctrl- ASCII 28, FS Type the escape character then C for getting back, or as well as? to discover other options. - -------------
Due to licensing conditions you will sometimes find two kermit packages with your GNU/Linux distribution. In this case you'll want to install the
package is just a command line tool implementing the kermit transfer protocol.
around the distribution media to your Linux host system, it is possible to download it through the kermit project website: /kermit/
is another popular serial communication program. Unfortunately, many users have reported problems with it with U-Boot and Linux, specifically when trying to put it on for serial image download. Its use is therefore discouraged.
The terminal emulation program need to have write access towards the serial port and also to any locking files that are accustomed to prevent concurrent access business applications. Depending within the used Linux distribution you may have to be sure that:
command, and the permissions of
command, and that this write permissions to the group are set
The fastest solution to use U-Boot to load a Linux kernel or perhaps application image is file transfer over Ethernet. For this purpose, U-Boot implements the TFTP protocol understand the
To enable TFTP support in your host system you have to make sure that this TFTP daemon program is installed. On RedHat systems you'll be able to verify this by running:
If necessary, install the TFTP daemon program from the distribution media.
Most Linux distributions disable the TFTP service automagically. To enable it one example is on RedHat systems, edit the file /etc/xinetd.d/tftp and take the line
default: off description: The tftp server serves files while using trivial file transfer protocol. The tftp protocol is often accustomed to boot diskless workstations, download configuration files to network-aware printers, and also to start set up . process for most operating systems. service tftp sockettype dgram protocol udp wait yes user root server serverargs -s/tftpboot disable yes persource 11 cps 100 2
Also, make sure that this /tftpboot directory exists and it is world-readable permissions a minimum of dr-xr-xr-x.
BOOTP resp. DHCP may be used to automatically pass configuration information to the objective. The only thing the marked must know about itself is a unique Ethernet hardware MAC address. The following command is usually used to verify that DHCP support is available on your own host system:
If necessary, install the DHCP package out of your distribution media.
Then you must create the DHCP configuration file which fits your network setup. The following example offers you an idea what direction to go:
As it is possible to see, the CRC32 checksum had not been only printed, but in addition stored at address 0x100000.
command you may test in the contents of two memory areas is similar or not. The command will either test the main area as specified by another length argument, or stop at the primary difference.
cmp 100000 40000000 400 word at 0x00100004 0x50ff4342! word at 0x40000004 0x50504342 Total of just one word were precisely the same md 100000 C 00100000: 27051956 50ff4342 6f6f7420 312e312e 1.1. 00100010: 3520284d 61722032 31203230 3032202d 5 Mar 21 2002 - 00100020: 2031393a 35353a30 34290000 00000000 md 40000000 C 40000000: 27051956 50504342 6f6f7420 312e312e 1.1. 40000010: 3520284d 61722032 31203230 3032202d 5 Mar 21 2002 - 40000020: 2031393a 35353a30 34290000 00000000
can access the memory in various sizes: as 32 bit long word, 16 bit word or 8 bit byte data. If invoked just as
the default size 32 bit or long words can be used; a similar can be selected explicitely by typing
instead. If you intend to access memory as 16 bit or word data, you should use the variant
instead; as well as access memory as 8 bit or byte data please use
Please note that this count argument specifies the volume of data what to process, i. e. the volume of long words or words or bytes to check.
cmp.l 100000 40000000 400 word at 0x00100004 0x50ff4342! word at 0x40000004 0x50504342 Total of a single word were precisely the same cmp.w 100000 40000000 800 halfword at 0x00100004 0x50ff! halfword at 0x40000004 0x5050 Total of 2 halfwords were precisely the same cmp.b 100000 40000000 1000 byte at 0x00100005 0xff! byte at 0x40000005 0x50 Total of 5 bytes were the identical
is familiar with copy memory areas.
might be used to display memory contents both as hexadecimal and ASCII data.
Hit any critical for Application terminated, rc 0x0
Alternatively, it is possible to of course use
to download the style over the network. In this case the binary image
Note which the entry point with the program are at offset 0x0004 through the start of file, i. e. the download address and the feeder point address differ by four bytes.
tftp 40000 go 40004 This is another test. Starting application at Hello World argc 5 argv0 40004 argv1 This argv2 is argv3 another argv4 test. argv5
Hit any critical for Application terminated, rc 0x0
This example is merely available on MPC8xx CPUs.
This example, which demonstrates how to sign up a CPM interrupt handler with all the U-Boot code, can be obtained from examples/timer.c. Here, a CPM timer is established to generate an interrupt every second. The interrupt service routine is trivial, just printing a. character, but accusation in court a demo program. The application could be controlled by the subsequent keys:
print current values og the CPM Timer registers b - enable interrupts and initiate timer e - stop timer and disable interrupts q - quit application loads Ready for S-Record 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 file transfer complete connected Start Addr 0x00040004 go 40004 Starting application at TIMERS0xfff00980 Using timer 1 tgcr 0xfff00980, tmr 0xfff00990, trr 0xfff00994, tcr 0xfff00998, tcn 0xfff0099c, ter 0xfff009b0 Hit b: q, b, e,? Set interval 1000000 us Enabling timer Hit?: q, b, tgcr0x1, tmr0xff1c, trr0x3d09, tcr0x0, tcn0xef6, ter0x0 Hit?: q, b, e,?. tgcr0x1, tmr0xff1c, trr0x3d09, tcr0x0, tcn0x2ad4, ter0x0 Hit?: q, b, e,?. tgcr0x1, tmr0xff1c, trr0x3d09, tcr0x0, tcn0x1efc, ter0x0 Hit?: q, b, e,?. tgcr0x1, tmr0xff1c, trr0x3d09, tcr0x0, tcn0x169d, ter0x0 Hit e: q, b, timer Hit q: q, b, e,? Application terminated, rc 0x0
U-Boot runs using image files which could be basically anything, preceeded using a special header; start to see the definitions in include/image.h for details; basically, the header defines these image properties:
Target Operating System Provisions for OpenBSD, NetBSD, FreeBSD, 4.4BSD, Linux, SVR4, Esix, Solaris, Irix, SCO, Dell, NCR, LynxOS, pSOS, QNX, RTEMS, ARTOS, Unity OS; Currently supported: Linux, NetBSD, VxWorks, QNX, RTEMS, ARTOS, Unity OS.
Target CPU Architecture Provisions for Alpha, ARM, Intel x86, IA64, MIPS, MIPS, PowerPC, IBM S390, SuperH, Sparc, Sparc 64 Bit, M68K, NIOS; Currently supported: ARM, PowerPC, MIPS, MIPS64, M68K, NIOS.
Compression Type Provisions for uncompressed, gzip, bzip2; Currently supported: uncompressed, gzip, bzip2.
The header is marked by the special Magic Number, and the two header and also the data portions in the image are secured against corruption by CRC32 checksums.
CGL shall provide support for detecting a repeating reboot cycle as a result of recurring failures and should be to an offline state if it occurs.
configuration option. The implementation uses this environment variables:
Here is but one possible solution: Your software distribution consistes of two files: The first file will be the Linux kernel using a minimal ramdisk image attached while using the multi-file image format for U-Boot; U-Boot can load and boot such files from your FAT or VFAT file system. The second file will be your root file system. For convenience and speed we use again a picture of an
file system. When Linux boots, it is going to initially utilize attached ramdisk as root file system. The programs in this particular ramdisk will mount the FAT or VFAT file system - read-only. Then we may use a loop device see losetup8 to associate the foundation file system image which has a block device which is usually used being a mount point. And finally we use pivotroot8 to improve the root file system to image within the CF card.
This sounds not too complicated, and in actual fact it is fairly simple once you understand what ought to be done. Here is a better description:
The root file system image is not hard: as mantioned before, we are going to use an
file system image, and also to avoid wearing the flash storage device we're going to use it in read-only mode - we did a read-only
root file system image before, and have a look at can just re-make use of the existing image file.
The initial ramdisk image that performs the pivotroot step have to be created from scratch, but we already realize how to create ramdisk images, and we just have to evaluate which to put in it.
a script interpreter that's specifically designed for such purposes see nash8. We dont need any other tools, and when we use static linking, how the
binary along with a small script to master it is all we require for our initial ramdisk.
To be precise, we require a couple of empty directories
The outcome is a really small 233 kB compressed ramdisk image.
Assuming you have now your Linux kernel image, you are able to now use
mkimage - A ppc - O Linux - T multi - C gzip -n Linux with Pivot Root Helper -d Image Name: Linux with Pivot Root Helper Created: Mon Jun 13 01:48:11 2005 Image Type: PowerPC Linux Multi-File Image gzip compressed Data Size: 1020665 Bytes 996.74 kB 0.97 MB Load Address: 0x00000000 Entry Point: 0x00000000 Contents: Image 0: 782219 Bytes 763 kB 0 MB Image 1: 238433 Bytes 232 kB 0 MB
would be the second image we've got to copy on the CF card.
script in this initial ramdisk image which contains every one of the magic. This script is rather simple:
bin/nash echo Mounting/proc filesystem mount - t proc/proc/proc echo Creating block devices mkdevices/dev echo Creating root device mkrootdev/dev/root echo 0x0100 /proc/sys/kernel/real-root-dev echo Mounting flash card mount - o noatime - t vfat/dev/hda1/mnt echo losetup for filesystem image losetup/dev/loop0 echo Mounting root filesystem image mount - o defaults - -ro - t ext2/dev/loop0/sysroot echo Running pivotroot pivotroot/sysroot/sysroot/initrd umount/initrd/proc
Note: even if the file seems like a shell script it can be NOT interpreted with a shell, but with the
interpreter. For a complete set of available
commands along with their syntax please refer on the manual page, nash8.
pseudo file system which can be needed to learn some required information.
Then we mount the CF card. We believe there is simply single partition about it
file systems. These assumptions work fine with basicly all memory devices used under Windows.
Our file system image, is actually mounted for the
directory. In the last step we use
set output-radix 16 target remote bdi:2001 define reset detach target remote bdi:2001 end define add-module shell arg0 source end document add-module Usage: add-module module Do add-symbol-file for module module automatically. Note: A map file using the extension will need to have been made up of insmod - m module ahead of time. end
bin/sh Constructs the GDB add-symbol-file command string in the map file on the specified kernel module. addsect ADDRawk/1print 3 MAPFILE if ADDR! ; then echo - s 1 0xawk/1print 3 MAPFILE fi 1 -r 1 echo Usage: 0 module 2 ; exit 1 ; ARGS0xawkprint 3 MAPFILE echo add-symbol-file 1 ARGS
To prevent GDB from jumping around inside the code when attempting to single step, i. e. if it seems just as if the code isn't executing line by line, you are able to recompile your code with these additional compiler options:
On some systems such as MPC8xx or MPC8260 you'll be able to only define one hardware breakpoint. Therefore you need to delete an active breakpoint which causes the area define another one:
gdb d b Delete all breakpoints? y or n y gdb b expreempt.c:63 Breakpoint 2 at 0xcf030080: file expreempt.c, line 63.
bash gcc - Wall - g - o hello hello.c bash gdb gdb l 1 include stdio.h 2 3 int mainint argc, char argv 4 5 printf Hello worldn; 6 return 0; 7 gdb break 5 Breakpoint 1 at 0x8048466: file hello.c, line 5. gdb run Starting program:/opt/eldk/ppc8xx/tmp/hello Breakpoint 1, main argc0x1, argv0xbffff9f4 at hello.c:5 5 printf Hello worldn; gdb c Continuing. Hello world Program exited normally.
allows you in order to connect your program that has a remote GDB while using target remote command. On the marked machine, you must have a copy with the program you would like to debug.
does n't want your programs symbol table, so you may strip this system if necessary to avoid wasting space.
within the host system does each of the symbol handling. Here is one example:
bash CROSSCOMPILEgcc - Wall - g - o hello hello.c bash cp - p hello directory-shared-with-target/hello-stripped bash CROSSCOMPILEstrip directory-shared-with-target/hello-stripped
To utilize server, you should tell it the way to communicate with
the name of your respective program, along with the arguments for the program. To begin a debugging session via network type on the objective:
bash cd directory-shared-with-host bash gdbserver 192.168.1.1:12345 hello-stripped Process hello-stripped created; pid 353
bash CROSSCOMPILEgdb gdb set solib-absolute-prefix/opt/eldk/CROSSCOMPILE gdb dir/opt/eldk/CROSSCOMPILE Source directories searched:/opt/eldk/CROSSCOMPILE:cdir:cwd gdb target remote 192.168.1.99:12345 Remote debugging using 192.168.1.99:12345 0x30012748 in?? gdb l 1 include stdio.h 2 3 int mainint argc, char argv 4 5 printf Hello worldn; 6 return 0; 7 gdb break 5 Breakpoint 1 at 0x10000498: file hello.c, line 5. gdb continue Continuing. Breakpoint 1, main argc1, argv0x7ffffbe4 at hello.c:5 5 printf Hello worldn; gdb p argc 1 1 gdb continue Continuing. Program exited normally.
If the mark program you need to debug is linked against shared libraries, you need to tell GDB the location where the proper target libraries can be found. This is done while using
GDB command. If this command is omitted, then, apparently, GDB loads the host versions on the libraries and gets crazy for that.
a Graphical User Interface to GDB, for debugging the way it allows to define and execute commonly used commands via buttons. You can start
If DDD will not be already installed in your Linux system, take a look at your distribution media.
A bunch of Application Notes relevant for embedded computing could be found for the DENX web server.
Karim Yaghmour : Building Embedded Linux Systems, Paperback: 400 pages, OReilly Associates; May 2003; ISBN 059600222X - IMHO the very best book about Embedded Linux until now. An absolute need to have.
Greg Kroah-Hartman : Linux Kernel inside a Nutshell, 198 pages, OReilly In Nutshell series, December 2006, ISBN 10: 0-596-10079-5; ISBN 13: 9780596100797
Craig Hollabaugh : Embedded Linux: Hardware, Software, and Interfacing, Paperback: 432 pages; Addison Wesley Professional; March 7, 2002; ISBN 0672322269
Christopher Hallinan : Embedded Linux Primer: A Practical Real-World Approach, 576 pages, Prentice Hall, September 2006, ISBN-10: 0-13-167984-8; ISBN-13: 978-0-13-167984-9
The Linux Kernel - describing most aspects in the Linux Kernel. Probably, the 1st reference for freshies. Lots of illustrations explaining data structures use and relationships. In short: a need to have.
W. Richard Stevens : Advanced Programming inside UNIX Environment, Addision Wesley, ISBN 0-201-56317-7
David R. Butenhof : Programming with POSIX Threads, Addision Wesley, ISBN 0-201-63392-2.
W. Richard Stevens : TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 1 - The Protocols, Addision Wesley, ISBN 0-201-63346-9
Gary R. Wright, W. Richard Stevens : TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 2 - The Implementation, Addision Wesley, ISBN 0-201-63354-X
W. Richard Stevens : TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 3 - TCP for Transactions, Addision Wesley, ISBN 0-201-63495-3
W. Richard Stevens : UNIX Network Programming, Volume 1 - Networking APIs: Sockets and XTI, 2nd ed., Prentice Hall, ISBN-0-13-490012-X
W. Richard Stevens : UNIX Network Programming, Volume 2 - Interprocess Communication, 2nd ed., Prentice Hall, ISBN-0-13-081081-9
These are a handful of mailing lists interesting. If you are a new comer to mailing lists then please take time to read at the least RFC 1855.
linuxppc-dev - Communications among active developers of Linux on 32 bit PowerPC plattforms. Not meant for user support.
configuration option, which is determined by
I had a running system but suddenly, with no changes, the Linux kernel started crashing for the reason that init process was dying every time I tried too the system, by way of example like that:
VFS: Mounted root nfs filesystem. Freeing unused kernel memory: 140k init init has generated signal 11 but doesn't have handler for this Kernel panic - not syncing: Attempted to kill init!
You probably run your system together with the root file system mounted over NFS. Change in to the root directory of your respective target file system, and take off the file
That should fix this matter:
has a compiled report on system libraries. This file is needed by the dynamic linker/loader
to cache library information. If it won't exist, rebuilt automatically. For some reason, a corrupted or partial file was written for a root file system. This corrupt file then confused the dynamic linker then it crashed when seeking to start the
The Linux kernel boots, but hangs after printing: Warning: not able to open a preliminary console.
directory as part of your root filesystem. If you are while using ELDK s root filesystem over NFS, it is likely you forgot to own the
ramdisk image that comes together with the ELDK. When we attempt to mount a filesystem over NFS on the server, by way of example:
mount - t nfs 192.168.1.1:/target/home/home
the command waits nearly 5 minutes in uninterruptable sleep. Then the mount finally succeeds. Whats wrong?
The default configuration on the SELF wasn't designed to mount additional filesystems with file locking over NFS, so no portmap deamon is running, which can be causing your problems. There are two solutions with the problem:
to the prospective filesystem and begin it as part from the init scripts.
mount - o nolock - t nfs 192.168.1.1:/target/home/home
If you call the mount command like above i. e. minus the
deamon will probably be attempted and that is required to get started on a lockd kernel thread that is necessary if you would like to use file locking within the NFS filesystem. This call will fail only from a very long timeout.
Ethernet doesn't work on my small board. But things are all fine when I make use of the ethernet interface in U-Boot as an example by using a TFTP download. This can be a bug in U-Boot, right?
No. Its a bug within the Linux ethernet driver.
In certain cases the Linux driver does not set the MAC address. Thats a buggy driver then - Linux ethernet drivers are meant to read the MAC address at startup. On - open, they were made to reprogram the MAC address back into your chip yet not the EEPROM, if any whether or you cannot the address continues to be changed.
In general, a Linux driver shall not make any assumptions about any initialization being done or otherwise done using a boot loader; instead, that driver is liable for performing all in the necessary initialization itself.
And U-Boot shall not touch any hardware it doesn't access itself. If you dont utilize ethernet interface in U-Boot, it wont be initialized by U-Boot.
error message when I try and configure the loopback interface. Whats wrong?
This is probably a problem with your kernel configuration. Make sure that this
I expect to view some Linux kernel messages about the console, but there arent any.
This is completely normal when while using ELDK with root filesystem over NFS. The ELDK startup routines will commence the syslog daemon, that could collect all kernel messages and write them in a logfile
If you want to discover the messages with the console, either run
about the console window, or stop the syslog daemon by issuing a
etc/rc.d/init.d/syslog stop
command. Another alternative is usually to increase the
will probably be printed towards the console. With these command the
Now all messages are displayed around the console.
A general purpose DMA engine with relatively limited throughput provided with the microcoded CPM, in order to use with external peripherals or memory-to-memory transfers.
JFFS produced by Axis Communicartion AB, Sweden is often a log-based filesystem on top from the MTD layer; it offers to keep your filesystem and data inside a consistent state during cases of sudden power-down or system crashes. Thats why it really is especially a good choice for embedded devices when a regular shutdown procedure cannot often be guaranteed.
Like JFFS this is usually a journalling flash filesystem which is based about the MTD layer; it fixes some design problems of JFFS and adds transparent compression.
A standard see IEEE Standard 1149.1 that defines how to manipulate the pins of JTAG compliant devices.
Here: An on-chip debug interface supported by the special hardware port on some processors. It allows to consider full control in the CPU with minimal external hardware, many times eliminationg the requirement for expensive tools like In-Circuit-Emulators.
The IEEE Ethernet standard control interface utilized to communicate between your Ethernet controller MAC as well as the external PHY.
CPU component which maps kernel- and user-space virtual addresses to physical addresses, and is also an integral part of Linux kernel operation.
The MTD functions in Linux support memory devices like flash or Disk-On-Chip in the device-independend way so which the higher software layers like filesystem code need no information about the actual hardware properties.
PC Cards are self-contained extension cards particularly for laptops as well as other types of portable computers. In just around the size of a bank card they provide functions like LAN cards including wireless LAN, modems, ISDN cards, or harddrives - often solid-state disks determined by flash chips.
The PC Card technology continues to be may be developed and standardized from the Personal Computer Memory Card International Association PCMCIA, see
PCMCIA is undoubtedly an abbreviation that will stand for a number of things: the association which defines the typical, the specification itself, and the devices. The official term with the devices is PC-Card.
The physical layer transceiver which implements the IEEE Ethernet standard interface involving the ethernet wires twisted pair, 50 ohm coax, etc. as well as the ethernet controller MAC. PHYs will often be external transceivers but can be integrated inside MAC chip or within the CPU.
The PHY is controlled essentially transparently to software through the MII.
The powerful modules inside CPM which implement the minimum layer of several serial protocols, including Asynchronous serial UART, 10 Mbps Ethernet, HDLC etc.
A simple default configuration for Embedded Linux systems that may be suitable as kick off point for building your personal systems. It is determined by BusyBox to offer an init process, shell, and plenty of common tools from
plus another tools to produce network connectivity, allowing to reach the system in the internet using
Provides much in the external interfacing logic. Its one other major module on Motorola PowerQUICC devices alongside the CPU core and CPM.
A lower performance version from the SCCs with increased limited functionality, particularly helpful for serial debug ports and low throughput serial protocols.
A not hard synchronous serial interface to get in touch low speed external devices using minimal wires.
Motorola S-records are an industry-standard format for transmitting binary files to a target systems and PROM programmers.
The laptop or computer which is going to be used later inside you application environment, as an illustration an Embedded System. In many cases it features a different architecture and many more limited resoucres compared to a typical Host system, so it is frequently not possible to build up the software directly native for this system.
A simple network protocol for file transfer; found in combination with BOOTP or DHCP to load boot images etc. on the network.
Generically, this is the term for any device efficient at implementing various asynchronous serial protocols, for instance RS-232, HDLC and SDLC. In this context, it refers on the operating mode in the SCCs that gives this functionality.
A highly flexible bus interfacing machine unit allowing external peripherals through an extremely wide range of interfacing requirements to get connected directly to your CPU.
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is undoubtedly an optional parameter which identifies sub-steps from the step which are to get performed. This is useful when you need to re-build only a few specific packages. The numbers are defined within the and files discussed below. You can specify numerous numbers here. For instance, 2 5 means do steps from 2 to 5, while simply 2 means do all steps starting at 2.
By default, the invocation of
assumes that this Glibc-based ELDK version has built. For the uClibc-based ELDK build, set the
to be effective correctly, the script should be invoked on the build environment from a successful build with all the
script. A possible scenario of
script and even re-build certain ELDT and target packages, as an example, simply because you have updated options for a package or added a whole new package on the build.
When building the mark packages in the trg buildstep,
environment variable, which might contain a list indicating which target CPU variants the packages has to be built for. Possible CPU variants are 4xx, 4xxFP, 6xx, 74xx, 8xx and 85xx. For example, the command below rebuilds the prospective RPM listed within the file under how many 47 see section 3.9.4. Format on the and Files for description on the and files, with the 8xx and 85xx CPUs:
script, then you need to first manually uninstall the package from ELDK installation created from the build procedure within the work directory on the build environment.
script only for the final stage of adding/updating a package for the ELDK. For debugging purposes, it truly is much more convenient and efficient to develop both ELDT and target packages having a working ELDK installation, as described from the sections 3.7.2. Rebuilding Target Packages and 3.7.3. Rebuilding ELDT Packages above.
The ELDK source CD-ROM has the and files accustomed to build this version from the ELDK distribution. Use them as reference if you need to include any other packages in to the ELDK, or remove unneeded packages.
Note: For, the packageversion could possibly be replaced through the special keyword RHAUX. Such packages are widely-used as auxiliary when building ELDK 4.0 on non-Fedora hosts. These packages is going to be built and used over the build process, and can not be put to the ELDK 4.0 distribution ISO images.
If you have a Solaris 2.x host environment, you will need additional freeware packages mostly GNU tools to set up and especially to make the ELDK packages. The following table lists all required packages that has to be installed around the Solaris host system before attempting to make and/or install the ELDK. All these files except those marked with and also the RPM and zlib-1.1.2 packages, that are available at /linux/solaris are for sale for free download at /pub/freeware/sparc/2.6/
gzip-1.3-sol26-sparc-local
The packages marked will not be absolutely required, but in the end you will need them anyway and we all recommend to set up them.
Additionally, for being able to create the ELDK on Solaris, you have to place newer GNU
macros on the /usr/local/share/aclocal directory. This could be accomplished as follows:
Some tools are was required to install and configure U-Boot and Linux on the marked system. Also, especially during development, you will need to be able to interact using the target system. This section describes the way to configure your host system for this function.
To use U-Boot and Linux as being a development system and also to make full use of all of their capabilities you will need having access to a serial console port in your target system. Later, U-Boot and Linux might be configured to allow for automatic execution with no user interaction.
There are many ways to gain access to the serial console port in your target system, like using a terminal server, though the most common way is usually to attach it to your serial port on your own host. Additionally, you should have a terminal emulation program on the host system, like
command is part with the UUCP package and may be used to act like a dial-in terminal. It can also do simple file transfers, which could be used in U-Boot for image download.
If necessary, install the UUCP package through your distribution media.
configuration files; depending with your target configuration the serial port and/and the console baudrate could possibly be different through the values used with this example: /dev/ttyS0, 115200 bps, 8N1:
To disconnect, type the escape character accompanied by. on the beginning of a line.
stands for the whole group of communications software for serial and network connections. The indisputable fact that it is obtainable for most computers and os makes it especially well suited for the purposes.
executes the commands rolling around in its initialization file, , in your house directory before it executes any commands, so this could be easily familiar with customize its behaviour using appropriate initialization commands. The following settings are suited to use with U-Boot and Linux :
This example assumes that you apply the first serial port of the host system /dev/ttyS0 with a baudrate of 115200 in order to connect to the targets serial console port.
kermit - c Connecting to/dev/ttyS0, speed 115200. The escape character is Ctrl- ASCII 28, FS Type the escape character as well as C for getting back, or and then? to determine other options. - -------------
Due to licensing conditions you will sometimes find two kermit packages within your GNU/Linux distribution. In this case you really need to install the
package is just a command line tool implementing the kermit transfer protocol.
within the distribution media on your Linux host system, it is possible to download it from your kermit project webpage: /kermit/
is another popular serial communication program. Unfortunately, many users have reported problems deploying it with U-Boot and Linux, specifically when trying to put it on for serial image download. Its use is therefore discouraged.
argument isn't only attractive configurations with root filesystem over NFS; in the event the Linux kernel has the
configuration enabled IP kernel level autoconfiguration, this might be used to permit automatic configuration of IP addresses of devices and in the routing table during kernel boot, determined by either information supplied about the kernel command line or by BOOTP or RARP protocols.
especially in Embedded Systems in places you seldom have to switch the network configuration while it is running.
setenv ipaddr 10.0.0.99 setenv serverip 10.0.0.2 setenv netmask 255.0.0.0 setenv hostname tqm setenv rootpath/opt/eldk/ppc8xx saveenv
Note how apostrophes are utilized to delay the substitution in the referenced environment variables. This way, the existing values of such variables get inserted when assigning values on the
variable itself later, i. e. if it gets assembled in the given parts before passing it towards the kernel. This allows us to only redefine any in the variables say, the worthiness of
if it has to become changed, and also the changes will automatically propagate for the Linux kernel.
environment variable, because implicit using this variable from the
In step 2, this could be used for any flexible strategy to define the
setenv ramargs setenv bootargs root/dev/ram rw setenv nfsargs setenv bootargs root/dev/nfs rw nfsrootserverip:rootpath setenv addip setenv bootargs bootargs ipipaddr:serverip:gatewayip:netmask:hostname::off setenv ramroot run ramargs addip;bootm kerneladdr ramdiskaddr setenv nfsroot run nfsargs addip;bootm kerneladdr
In this setup we define two variables,
as well with root filesystem from your ramdisk image or older NFS, respecively. The variables might be executed using U-Boots
command. These variables make use in the
environment variable as was required to boot with ramdisk image or with root over NFS.
parameter to utilize Linux kernel IP autoconfiguration mechanism for configuration on the network settings.
command can be used with two resp. one address arguments too the Linux kernel image with resp. without having a ramdisk image. We assume here that this variables
This method might be easily extended to incorporate more customization options as required.
If you've got used U-Boots network commands before and/or look at the documentation, that you will find recognized which the names on the U-Boot environment variables we used inside the examples above are exactly exactly the same as those used while using U-Boot commands to start over a network using DHCP or BOOTP. That means that, as an alternative to manually setting network configuration parameters like IP address, etc., these variables will probably be set automatically towards the values retrieved using the network boot protocols. This will likely be explained in detail inside the examples below.
printenv bootcmdbootp; setenv bootargs root/dev/nfs rw nfsrootserverip:rootpath ipipaddr:serverip:gatewayip:netmask:hostname::off; bootm bootdelay5 baudrate115200 stdinserial stdoutserial
After Power-On or reset it will initialize after which wait for the key-press around the console port. The amount of this countdown is determined through the contents on the
environment variable default: 5 seconds.
If no key's pressed, the command or the number of commands stored from the environment variable
is executed. If you press an integral, you receive a prompt with the console port allowing for interactive command input.
This command uses the BOOTP protocol must a boot server for specifics of our system and load a boot image that could usually be considered a Linux kernel image. Since no aguments are passed to this particular command, it's going to use a default address to load the kernel image 0x100000 or even the last address utilized by other operations.
bootp BOOTP broadcast 1 ARP broadcast 0 TFTP from server 10.0.0.2; our IP address is 10.0.0.99 Filename/tftpboot/TQM8xxL/uImage. Load address: 0x100000 Loading: done printenv bootcmdbootp; setenv bootargs root/dev/nfs rw nfsrootserverip:rootpath ipipaddr:serverip:gatewayip:netmask:hostname::off; bootm bootdelay5 baudrate115200 stdinserial stdoutserial stderrserial bootfile/tftpboot/TQM8xxL/uImage gatewayip10.0.0.2 netmask255.0.0.0 hostnametqm rootpath/opt/eldk/ppc8xx ipaddr10.0.0.99 serverip10.0.0.2
The Target sends a BOOTP request around the network, and assuming there's a BOOTP server available gets a reply that has the IP address
Also, the name on the boot image
U-Boot then automatically downloaded the bootimage in the server using TFTP.
imi 100000 Checking Image at Image Name: Linux - 2.4.4 Created: 2002-04-07 21:31:59 UTC Image Type: PowerPC Linux Kernel Image gzip compressed Data Size: 605429 Bytes 591 kB 0 MB Load Address: 00000000 Entry Point: 00000000 Verifying OK
This informs you that we loaded a compressed Linux kernel image, and that this file has not been corrupted, considering that the CRC32 checksum is OK.
If a well used definition exists, it can be deleted first. The valuables in this variable is passed as command line towards the LInux kernel in the event it is booted hence the name. Note how U-Boot uses variable substitution to dynamically customize the boot arguments depending about the information we got through the BOOTP server.
To verify, you may run this command manually:
setenv bootargs root/dev/nfs rw nfsrootserverip:rootpath ipipaddr:serverip:gatewayip:netmask:hostname::off bootargsroot/dev/nfs rw nfsroot10.0.0.2:/opt/eldk/ppc8xx
the foundation filesystem is going to be mounted using NFS, and it will likely be writable.
Now we all know several options for file systems we will use, and know how to produce the corresponding images. But how will we decide which that you chose?
boot time i. e. time needed from power on until application code is running
The following data was measured to the different configurations. All measurements were performed on the identical TQM860L board MPC860 CPU at 50 MHz, 16 MB RAM, 8 MB flash, 256 MB CompactFlash card:
As you are able to see, the ramdisk solution would be the worst of all when it comes to RAM memory footprint; and it also takes a pretty long time as well. However, it really is one from the few solutions that permit an in-situ update while it is running.
JFFS2 is not difficult to use as its a writable file system but it uses a long time on top of that.
A read-only ext2 file system shines when boot serious amounts of RAM memory footprint are necessary; you only pay for this through an increased flash memory footprint.
External flash memory devices like CompactFlash cards or USB memory sticks might be cheap and efficient solutions specifically when lots of data need to get stored or when easy update procedures are needed. -
Overlay File Systems include an interesting procedure for several frequent problems in Embedded Systems. For example,
is usually a virtual kernel file system that could make read-only file systems writable. This is created by redirecting modifying operations to some writeable location called storage directory, and leaving the main data within the base directory untouched. When reading, the file system merges the modifed and original data to ensure that only the newest versions can look. This occurs transparently for the user, who is able to access your data like on every other read-write file system.
is usually to overlay the basis file system. This means it is placed on top on the regular root file system, thereby allowing applications or users to transparently make modifications with it but redirecting these to your different location.
Some samples of why it is usefull are explained from the following sections.
Root file systems held in flash in many cases are read only, for example cramfs or read only ext2. While this offers major advantages with regard to speed and flash memory footprint, it nevertheless can often be desireable to become able to modify the fundamental file system, by way of example to
make modifications during developement when frequent changes for the root file system occur.
on top from the root file system and by using a probably small writeable partition because storage file system. This could be the JFFS2 flash file system, or during development even an outside hard disk. This has the subsequent advantages:
read-only file systems fast, small memory footprint may be used like persistent writable file systems in contrast to some ramdisk
slow flash journalling file systems with large flash memory footprint is usually avoided.
Ramdisks are sometimes used when the main file system has to be modified non-persistantly. This is successful, but downsides will be the large RAM memory footprint and any time costly operation of copying the ramdisk into RAM during startup. These could be avoided by overlaying the basis file system as inside the previous example but using the difference that this tmpfs file system is employed as storage. Thus only modified files are kept in RAM, which enables it to even be replaced instead if neccessary. This saves boot a serious amounts of RAM!
may be easily utilized to implement a reset to factory defaults function by overlaying the default root file system. When configuration changes are manufactured, they are automatically directed to your storage file system and take precedence above the original files. Now, to restore the device to factory defaults, all that should be done is delete the contents from the storage directory. This will remove all changes made towards the root file system and return it towards the original state.
Note: Deleting the contents in the storage directory should just be done if the overlay file product is unmounted.
Generally, there's 2 different ways of overlaying the basis file system, which both be the better choice in different scenarios.
This is straightforward. Lets assumeis the read-only root file system and/dev/mtdblock5 posesses a small JFFS2 flash partition that shall be employed to store modifications produced by application/usr/bin/autoPilot:
mount - t jffs2/dev/mtdblock5/tmp/sto insmod minifo.o mount - t minifo - o base/, sto/tmp/sto///mnt/minifocd/mnt/minifochroot./usr/bin/autoPilot
file strategy is mounted withas base directory, /tmp/sto/as storage directory towards the mount point/mnt/minifo. After that,
is familiar with start the application with all the new file system root/mnt/minifo. All modifications made with the application are going to be stored towards the JFFS2 file system in/tmp/sto.
This might be more interesting, along with a bit trickier, as mounting should be done during system startup after the foundation file system may be mounted, to start with init begins. The best method to do this should be to have a script that mounts the minifo file system along with root after which starts init inside chrooted overlayed environment. For example assume this script overlayinit, saved in/sbin/:
bin/bash mount minifo overlay file system and execute init ensure these exist inside read-only file system STORAGE/tmp/sto MOUNTPOINT/mnt/minifomount tmpfs as storage file system using a maximum size 32MB mount - t tmpfs - o rw, size32M none STORAGE/sbin/modprobe minifo mount - t minifo - o base/, stoSTORAGEMOUNTPOINT exec/usr/sbin/chroot MOUNTPOINT/sbin/init echo exec chroot failed, bad! exec/bin/sh exit 1
overlayed and also the regular non overlayed system by merely setting the init kernel parameter within the boot loader to init/sbin/overlayinit.
could be used with chroot if there is certainly need to get into the original non overlayed root file system from your chrooted overlayed environment.
file method is inserted as a possible additional layer between VFS and also the native file system, and so creates some overhead that varies strongly depending with the operation performed.
This results inside a copy in the original file beeing created inside storage directory, that's then modified. Overhead depends within the size with the modified file.
Reading from files, creating new files, modifying already modified files
These operations are passed directly through towards the lower native layer, and simply impose an overhead of a-2%.
overlay file system could be used in embedded systems. More general information is accessible at the
file system supports persistent memory devices including SRAM. Instead of creating a block emulation layer over this kind of memory area and having a normal file system in addition to that,
seeks to induce minimal overhead with this situation. Most important within this respect is how the normal block layer caching with the Linux kernel is circumvented in
The physical address with the static memory.
Internationalized packages most often have many files, where LL gives an ISO 639 two-letter code identifying the words. environment variable LANGen
Language codes are NOT exactly the same as the country codes shown in ISO 3166.
setlocale, charsets, unicode
X-Emacs - Editing C code - Use, settings, code beautification
Use of structures and unions in C - Use of a constructor which has a structure.
C Templates - template functions, classes and inheritance
C STL Standard Template Library - vector, list example for Linked Lists
STL MAP and multiMAP container class example - associative storage of key-value pairs.
CORBA, OmniORB, C and remote services client/server request
SQLite and C/C - Embedded database - Command line interface and C/C API.
GNOME GTK Programming Tips and Tricks - Using the GTK cross platform GUI API to create an interactive application.
XmlBeansxx: XML to to C object. C auto code generation from XSD schema.
Libraries shared objects: static, shared and dynamically loadable
Git and Trac Server source code control - installation and integration.
CVS source code control - Track and manage a group of files as well as their revisions. Depricated. Use Subversion.
RCS source code control - Track and manage individual files in addition to their revisions.
Jenkins: distributed continuous or nightly build system - For use with Git, Subversion, CVS or Clearcase
Cabie: distributed continuous or nightly build system - For use with Subversion, CVS or Perforce
Open Source Software engineering, issue tracking and collaberation tools
ManEdit - GUI tool for creating/editing man pages.
by Mark Mitchell, Jeffrey Oldham, Alex Samuel, Jeffery Oldham
Disable anything you aren't using, for instance the serial port that isnt physically there unless you might have the dock.
Disable the predesktop area Security/IBM Predesktop Area. This lets you make use of your full disk drive but you lose the hard-drive restore capability. This is really a non-issue when you have the recovery CDs.
Set the boot display to VGALCD Config/Display. That way, should you ever break the LCD panel, itll use a monitor on boot.
Im really not sure what are the point of Legacy Floppy Support happens when IBM doesnt even create a floppy for that drive bay.
My BIOS is revision 1RET85WW, dated 12/15/2003, while it probably doesnt matter.
This goes pretty much like any standard Ubuntu install. The installer doesnt ask you for most of anything anyway, and it also almost gets everything right. Youll obtain a functioning desktop system, but suspend isnt quite being employed as expected as well as the video settings, while functional, are below optimal.
I think it's a given that you should enable each of the repositories: non-free, universe, multiverse, the full kitchen sink. Virtually everything you need is definitely in a package should you enable every one of the repositories. I did not should compile a single thing to acquire the system doing its job below.
I liked Austin Murphys nice overview chart a lot that I decided itll be considered a nice thing to obtain. Theres a wide range of green, this means pretty much everything works. See individual sections for details.
Driver loads, probably is employed by data
DMA enabled. Optional: enable 32bit IO
Use acpid, not gnome-power-manager
Use speedstep-centrino and cpufreqd, not powernowd
Module loads; havent tried
Just works, hotplug included
GPL driver exists, havent tried
Complete functionality. Everything works and operations completely to my satisfaction.
Partial functionality. Important aspects are in work, but functionality is incredibly incomplete.
Driver exists. I did not personally test, nevertheless it may work.
Not supported. Does not work together with acceptable functionality.
driver and correctly detects our funny resolution of 1400x1050. Everything seems being working if you put it to use like a desktop, including DPMS. However, we can easily do significantly better, especially with relation to its 3D acceleration and power management.
options improve 3D performance.
option enables the different Fn-keypresses. Fn-F3 will blank the screen until another secret is pressed. Fn-F7 is meant to toggle the external display, but this doesnt appear to actually work and my external display is obviously on. Finally, the Fn-Space screen zoom is implemented in software and so it doesnt begin doing anything automagically on Linux however, it may be addressed; view the keyboard section.
Finally, there is certainly a known downside to Radeon chips consuming unreasonable numbers of power while suspended. To fix this, we added the
option above. We also need to incorporate the
you dont ought to pass any special options or do your individual custom initrd like some websites inform you. On Ubuntu, merely possessing module loaded makes certain that it enters D2-sleep appropriately. The difference is pretty dramatic; the device lasts 3 x longer in suspend using these fixes.
option that allows one to do Xinerama-like dual head stuff natively. Ive heard good items about it and seen it in working order on a T43, but havent bothered to attempt it on mine.
option to EXA instead on the default XAA supposedly helps to make the Composite extension go faster.
which allows that you blank the display in software. This is utilized by the suspend scripts and Ubuntu needs to have installed it automatically.
If you intend to play with over/underclocking your Radeon, you'll be able to try the